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NGC 6388: White Dwarf May Have Shredded Passing Planet
NGC 6388
NGC 6388
NGC 6388

  • A planet may have been ripped apart by a white dwarf star in the outskirts of the Milky Way.

  • A white dwarf is the dense core of a star like the Sun that has run out of nuclear fuel.

  • Combining data from Chandra and several other telescopes, researchers think a "tidal disruption" may explain what is observed.


The destruction of a planet may sound like the stuff of science fiction, but a team of astronomers has found evidence that this may have happened in an ancient cluster of stars at the edge of the Milky Way galaxy.

Using several telescopes, including NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory, researchers have found evidence that a white dwarf star — the dense core of a star like the Sun that has run out of nuclear fuel — may have ripped apart a planet as it came too close.

How could a white dwarf star, which is only about the size of the Earth, be responsible for such an extreme act? The answer is gravity. When a star reaches its white dwarf stage, nearly all of the material from the star is packed inside a radius one hundredth that of the original star. This means that, for close encounters, the gravitational pull of the star and the associated tides, caused by the difference in gravity's pull on the near and far side of the planet, are greatly enhanced. For example, the gravity at the surface of a white dwarf is over ten thousand times higher than the gravity at the surface of the Sun.

Researchers used the European Space Agency's INTErnational Gamma-Ray Astrophysics Laboratory (INTEGRAL) to discover a new X-ray source near the center of the globular cluster NGC 6388. Optical observations had hinted that an intermediate-mass black hole with mass equal to several hundred Suns or more resides at the center of NGC 6388. The X-ray detection by INTEGRAL then raised the intriguing possibility that the X-rays were produced by hot gas swirling towards an intermediate-mass black hole.

In a follow-up X-ray observation, Chandra's excellent X-ray vision enabled the astronomers to determine that the X-rays from NGC 6388 were not coming from the putative black hole at the center of the cluster, but instead from a location slightly off to one side. A new composite image shows NGC 6388 with X-rays detected by Chandra in pink and visible light from the Hubble Space Telescope in red, green, and blue, with many of the stars appearing to be orange or white. Overlapping X-ray sources and stars near the center of the cluster also causes the image to appear white.

With the central black hole ruled out as the potential X-ray source, the hunt continued for clues about the actual source in NGC 6388. The source was monitored with the X-ray telescope on board NASA's Swift Gamma Ray Burst mission for about 200 days after the discovery by INTEGRAL.

The source became dimmer during the period of Swift observations. The rate at which the X-ray brightness dropped agrees with theoretical models of a disruption of a planet by the gravitational tidal forces of a white dwarf. In these models, a planet is first pulled away from its parent star by the gravity of the dense concentration of stars in a globular cluster. When such a planet passes too close to a white dwarf, it can be torn apart by the intense tidal forces of the white dwarf. The planetary debris is then heated and glows in X-rays as it falls onto the white dwarf. The observed amount of X-rays emitted at different energies agrees with expectations for a tidal disruption event.

The researchers estimate that the destroyed planet would have contained about a third of the mass of Earth, while the white dwarf has about 1.4 times the Sun's mass.

While the case for the tidal disruption of a planet is not iron-clad, the argument for it was strengthened when astronomers used data from the multiple telescopes to help eliminate other possible explanations for the detected X-rays. For example, the source does not show some of the distinctive features of a binary containing a neutron star, such as pulsations or rapid X-ray bursts. Also, the source is much too faint in radio waves to be part of a binary system with a stellar-mass black hole.

A paper describing these results was published in an October 2014 issue of the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. The first author is Melania Del Santo of the National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF), IASF-Palermo, Italy, and the co-authors are Achille Nucita of the Universitá del Salento in Lecce, Italy; Giuseppe Lodato of the Universitá Degli Studi di Milano in Milan, Italy; Luigi Manni and Francesco De Paolis of the Universitá del Salento in Lecce, Italy; Jay Farihi of University College London in London, UK; Giovanni De Cesare of the National Institute for Astrophysics in IAPS-Rome, Italy and Alberto Segreto of the National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF), IASF-Palermo, Italy.

NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama, manages the Chandra program for NASA's Science Mission Directorate in Washington. The Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory in Cambridge, Massachusetts, controls Chandra's science and flight operations.

Fast Facts for NGC 6388:
Credit  X-ray: NASA/CXC/IASF Palermo/M.Del Santo et al; Optical: NASA/STScI
Release Date  April 16, 2015
Scale  Image is 3 arcmin across (about 38 light years)
Category  Normal Stars & Star Clusters
Coordinates (J2000)  RA 17h 36m 17.46s | Dec -44° 44´ 08.34"
Constellation  Scorpius
Observation Date  2 pointings on 21 Apr 2005 and 29 Aug 2011
Observation Time  13 hours.
Obs. ID  5505, 12453
Instrument  ACIS
References Del Santo, M. et al, 2014, MNRAS, 444, 93; arXiv:1407.5081
Color Code  X-ray (Pink); Optical (Red, Green, Blue)
Optical
X-ray
Distance Estimate  About 43,000 light years
distance arrow
Visitor Comments (2)

Firstly, Touche to Chandra, I love the site. Thanks.
I read this and can't help but think why hasn't all the material from the doomed planet been consumed by the White Dwarf already? If the planet came that close, you'd think it wouldn't be too long until it was consumed.
Off topic suggestion. More info on the electromagnetic spectrum would be helpful and interesting.

Posted by Andy on Monday, 04.20.15 @ 20:01pm


As this WD is close to the Chandrasekhar limit, presumably we might see it produce a SN 1a sometime.

Posted by Margarita on Thursday, 04.16.15 @ 12:18pm


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