Images by Date
Images by Category
Solar System
Stars
Exoplanets
White Dwarfs
Supernovas
Neutron Stars
Black Holes
Milky Way Galaxy
Normal Galaxies
Quasars
Galaxy Clusters
Cosmology/Deep Field
Miscellaneous
Images by Interest
Space Scoop for Kids
4K JPG
Multiwavelength
Sky Map
Constellations
Photo Blog
Top Rated Images
Image Handouts
Desktops
Fits Files
Image Tutorials
Photo Album Tutorial
False Color
Cosmic Distance
Look-Back Time
Scale & Distance
Angular Measurement
Images & Processing
AVM/Metadata
Image Use Policy
Web Shortcuts
Chandra Blog
RSS Feed
Chronicle
Email Newsletter
News & Noteworthy
Image Use Policy
Questions & Answers
Glossary of Terms
Download Guide
Get Adobe Reader
More Information
Quasars & Active Galaxies
X-ray Astronomy Field Guide
Quasars & Active Galaxies
Questions and Answers
Quasars & Active Galaxies
Chandra Images
Quasars & Active Galaxies
Cosmology/Deep Fields/X-ray Background
Related Podcasts
Tour: Unexpectedly Calm and Remote Galaxy Cluster Discovered
Download Image

More Information

More Images
Chandra X-ray Image
of Mkn 421
(Credit: NASA/SAO/
CXC/F.Nicastro et al.)


Related Images
Type 2 Quasar
Type 2 Quasar
(20 March 2000)
Mkn 421:
Lost and Found: X-ray Telescope Locates Missing Matter


Mkn 421
Credit: Spectrum: NASA/SAO/CXC/F.Nicastro et al.; Illustration: NASA/CXC/M.Weiss

This illustration shows the absorption of X-rays from the quasar Mkn 421 by two intergalactic clouds of diffuse hot gas, and a portion of the Chandra X-ray spectrum of the quasar. The spectrum provides evidence that three separate clouds of hot gas are filtering out, or absorbing X-rays from Mkn 421.

Dips in the X-ray spectrum are produced when some of the X-rays are absorbed by ions of oxygen in the hot gas clouds which are located at various distances from Earth. The orange dips are due to absorption in our Galaxy, or in the Local Group of galaxies. This cloud is at most a few million light years from Earth, and is not shown in the top illustration. The green and red dips are from clouds at distances of 150 million and 370 million light years, respectively.

The distant clouds are likely part of a predicted diffuse, web-like system of gas clouds - the cosmic web - from which galaxies and clusters of galaxies are thought to have formed. X-ray absorption by ions of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen and neon in the clouds was detected in the complete X-ray spectrum. The clouds have a temperature of about 1 million degrees Celsius. Combining the X-ray data with data from observations at ultraviolet wavelengths allows an estimate of the total number of atoms and ions of all types in the distant clouds. This estimate shows that the clouds have a thickness of about 2 million light years, and contain an enormous mass of atoms and ions.

The Chandra X-ray spectrum of Mkn 421 provides strong evidence that a large fraction of the atoms and ions in the Universe are located in the cosmic web, and may point to the solution of the "missing matter" problem. The missing mass problem - not related to dark matter or dark energy - was discovered when various measurements gave astronomers a good estimate of the number of atoms and ions in the Universe 10 billion years ago. However, inventories of all the atoms and ions in stars and gas inside and outside of galaxies in the present era yields only about half as many as were present 10 billion years ago. Almost half the atoms and ions in the Universe had gone missing!

Assuming that the size and distribution of the intergalactic X-ray absorbing clouds discovered by Chandra are representative, it can be shown that most if not all of the missing atoms and ions are hidden in the hard-to-see cosmic web.

Fast Facts for Mkn 421 :
Credit  Spectrum: NASA/SAO/CXC/F.Nicastro et al.; Illustration: NASA/CXC/M.Weiss
Category  Quasars & Active Galaxies , Cosmology/Deep Fields/X-ray Background
Coordinates (J2000)  RA 11h 04m 27.30s | Dec +38° 12´ 31.80"
Constellation  Ursa Major
Observation Dates  2000: May 29
2002: October 26-27
2003: July 1-2
Observation Time  61 hours
Obs. IDs  4149, 4148, 1715
Instrument  HRC-LETG
Also Known As Mrk 421
References F. Nicastro et al., 2005, Nature, (Feb. 3 issue); also astro-ph/0412378
Distance Estimate  About 400 million light years
Release Date  February 02 , 2005